Moreover, utilizing intermittent heating is more effective than continuous heating in demonstrating the positive impacts of envelope renovation on increasing average temperature, decreasing temperature differences and lowering occupied time at low thermal comfort levels. According to the comparison results, cost-optimal solutions have significant advantages in both reductions of LCC and CO2 emissions over standard-based solutions. The LCC with intermittent heating is still 7% greater than its pre-renovation case, which may require external financial support to encourage the renovation conduction, while the LCC with continuous heating decreased by 8% after renovation. The results indicate that the cost-optimal renovation solutions with intermittent and continuous heating can cut CO2 emissions by 30% and 40%, respectively. Simulation-based multi-optimization analysis was conducted in this study using the building simulation tool IDA ICE and its integrated optimization tool AutoMOO. A single-family detached rural house in Harbin was used as a case building, illustrating the typical state of comparable houses in this climate context. This study presents the cost-optimal envelope renovation solutions with the minimized lifecycle cost (LCC) during a 20-year discount period and CO2 emissions of annual delivered energy consumptions. The intermittent operation and manual regulation of these systems result in significant temperature differences and inadequate thermal comfort. The local traditional heating methods include Chinese Kangs and coal boilers with water-based radiators. Specialized, custom-designed laboratory and/or in situ testing complement our expertise.High heating expenses are observed in numerous Chinese rural houses located in severe cold regions due to the high heating demand, inferior envelope performance and low-efficiency heating equipment. The investigations often require comprehensive and multidisciplinary teams with specialized experience in construction methods, behavior of construction components, material science, and structural engineering. All of these systems have unique construction methods and details required for reliable weatherproofing.Įxponent has determined the root causes of water leakage problems for thousands of buildings of all types of construction. Facade types include wood, brick, and stone veneer reinforced brick panels, pre-cast concrete, glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC), light-gauge metal, aluminum, and steel curtain walls exterior insulation finish systems (EIFS) and natural stone cladding, such as marble and granite. In addition, our expertise with roof systems includes knowledge of material performance and the interaction between the roof and other building systems.Ĭladding – Exponent’s experience with the performance of building façades encompasses building types from low-rise to high-rise and from residential to industrial. Our experience with single-ply membranes includes EPDM, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), modified bitumen, fluid-applied membranes, and a variety of insulation systems. Our experience includes the design and evaluation of built-up roofs, single-ply membranes, and sloped roofs using clay tile, metal, wood, and asphalt shingles. Exponent has extensive experience investigating roof failures on both flat and sloped surfaces. Roof Systems – Failures of roof systems occur more frequently than failures of any other aspect of building enclosures. Two building systems that encompass many of the water leakage problems suffered by modern buildings are roofs and exterior facades.
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